What Executes Immediately After a Continue Statement in a While and Dowhile Loop
Loops
5.1 Introduction and Objectives
When the program needs to be executed multiple times on a sequence of inputs or validate them using the condition statements then it is not a productive way of writing the same program with the similar conditions repetitively. So, Loops repeat a statement a certain number of times, or while a condition is fulfilled. They are introduced by the keywords while, do, and for.
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/
5.2 The while Loop
The simplest kind of loop is the while-loop. Its syntax is:
while ( expression ) statement The while-loop simply repeats statement while expression is true. If, after any execution of statement, expression is no longer true, the loop ends, and the program continues right after the loop.
For example, let's have a look at a countdown using a while-loop:
// [url](http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/) #include <iostream> using namespace std ; int main () { int n = 10 ; while ( n > 0 ) { cout << n << ", " ; -- n ; } cout << "liftoff! \n " ; } Output:
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, liftoff! The first statement in main setsn to a value of 10. This is the first number in the countdown. Then the while-loop begins: if this value fulfills the conditionn>0 (that n is greater than zero), then the block that follows the condition is executed, and repeated for as long as the condition (n>0) remains being true.
The whole process of the previous program can be interpreted according to the following script (beginning in main):
-
nis assigned a value -
The while condition is checked (
n>0). At this point there are two possibilities:-
condition is true: the statement is executed (to step 3)
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condition is false: ignore statement and continue after it (to step 5)
-
-
Execute statement:
cout << n << ", ";--n;(prints the value of
nand decreasesnby1) -
End of block. Return automatically to step 2.
-
Continue the program right after the block: print
liftoff!and end the program.
A thing to consider with while-loops is that the loop should end at some point, and thus the statement shall alter values checked in the condition in some way, so as to force it to become false at some point. Otherwise, the loop will continue looping forever. In this case, the loop includes--n, that decreases the value of the variable that is being evaluated in the condition (n) by one - this will eventually make the condition (n>0) false after a certain number of loop iterations. To be more specific, after 10 iterations,n becomes 0, making the condition no longer true, and ending the while-loop.
Note that the complexity of this loop is trivial for a computer, and so the whole countdown is performed instantly, without any practical delay between elements of the count (if interested, see sleep_for for a countdown example with delays).
http://www.cs.uregina.ca/Links/class-info/110/loops/index.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_while_loop.htm
5.3 Loop Design Strategies
Initial days of programming makes it difficult to understand the working of the loops and while to implement you may make some errors. So, here are 3 steps to follow when writing the loop.
◦ Identify the statements that need to be repeated in a program.
Statement1, statement2, …
◦ Place these statements in a loop (Infinite loop) as below:
while True: { All Statements } ◦ Code the loop-continuation-condition and include appropriate statements to control the loop.
while loop - continuation - condition : { Statements Additional statements for controlling the loop } 5.4 Controlling a Loop with User Confirmation
We can write a program using a loop that executes the next iteration only if it gets some input from the user which controls the flow the program. The user input can be defined whether to execute the next iteration or to come out of the loop and terminate that block of code.
continueLoop = 'Y' while continueLoop == 'Y' : { # Execute the loop body once ... # Prompt the user for confirmation continueLoop = input ( "Enter Y to continue and N to quit: " ) } Controlling a value with a sentinel value can also be a good idea. A sentinel value is a special value that is used to terminate the loop when reading a user input. This special value signifies the end of the input. If a loop that uses sentinel value is called Sentinel value controlled loop.
E.g. Tell the user to input any positive integer values. And inform the user that giving a negative integer -1 will terminate the loop. So, -1 is the sentinel value in this program.
5.5 Input and Output Redirections and Read All Data from a File
TODO
5.6 The do-while Loop
A very similar loop is the do-while loop, whose syntax is:
do statement while ( condition ); It behaves like a while-loop, except that condition is evaluated after the execution of statement instead of before, guaranteeing at least one execution of statement, even if condition is never fulfilled. For example, the following example program echoes any text the user introduces until the user enters goodbye:
*/ echo machine Enter text : hello You entered : hello Enter text : goodbye You entered : goodbye */ #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std ; int main () { string str ; do { cout << "Enter text: " ; getline ( cin , str ); cout << "You entered: " << str << '\n' ; } while ( str != "goodbye" ); } The do-while loop is usually preferred over a while-loop when the statement needs to be executed at least once, such as when the condition that is checked to end of the loop is determined within the loop statement itself. In the previous example, the user input within the block is what will determine if the loop ends. And thus, even if the user wants to end the loop as soon as possible by entering goodbye, the block in the loop needs to be executed at least once to prompt for input, and the condition can, in fact, only be determined after it is executed.
http://www.cs.uregina.ca/Links/class-info/110/loops/write-p1.html
5.7 The for Loop
The for loop is designed to iterate a number of times. Its syntax is:
for ( initialization ; condition ; increase ) statement ; Like the while-loop, this loop repeats statement while condition is true. But, in addition, the for loop provides specific locations to contain an initialization and an increase expression, executed before the loop begins the first time, and after each iteration, respectively. Therefore, it is especially useful to use counter variables as condition.
It works in the following way:
-
initialization is executed. Generally, this declares a counter variable, and sets it to some initial value. This is executed a single time, at the beginning of the loop.
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condition is checked. If it is true, the loop continues; otherwise, the loop ends, and statement is skipped, going directly to step 5.
-
statement is executed. As usual, it can be either a single statement or a block enclosed in curly braces
{ }. -
increase is executed, and the loop gets back to step 2.
-
the loop ends: execution continues by the next statement after it.
Here is the countdown example using a for loop:
// countdown using a for loop #include <iostream> using namespace std ; int main () { for ( int n = 10 ; n > 0 ; n -- ) { cout << n << ", " ; } cout << "liftoff! \n " ; } Ooutput:
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, liftoff! The three fields in a for-loop are optional. They can be left empty, but in all cases the semicolon signs between them are required. For example,for (;n<10;) is a loop withoutinitialization orincrease (equivalent to a while-loop); andfor (;n<10;++n) is a loop withincrease, but noinitialization (maybe because the variable was already initialized before the loop). A loop with nocondition is equivalent to a loop with true as condition (i.e., an infinite loop).
Because each of the fields is executed in a particular time in the life cycle of a loop, it may be useful to execute more than a single expression as any ofinitialization,condition, orstatement. Unfortunately, these are not statements, but rather, simple expressions, and thus cannot be replaced by a block. As expressions, they can, however, make use of the comma operator (,): This operator is an expression separator, and can separate multiple expressions where only one is generally expected. For example, using it, it would be possible for a for loop to handle two counter variables, initializing and increasing both:
for ( n = 0 , i = 100 ; n != i ; ++ n , -- i ) { // whatever here... } This loop will execute 50 times if neithern ori are modified within the loop:
n starts with a value of 0, andi with 100, the condition isn!=i (i.e., thatn is not equal toi).
Becausen is increased by one, andi decreased by one on each iteration, the loop's condition will become false after the 50th iteration, when both n andi are equal to 50.
Range-based for loop
The for-loop has another syntax, which is used exclusively with ranges:
for ( declaration : range ) statement ; This kind of for loop iterates over all the elements in range, where declaration declares some variable able to take the value of an element in this range. Ranges are sequences of elements, including arrays, containers, and any other type supporting the functions begin and end; Most of these types have not yet been introduced in this tutorial, but we are already acquainted with at least one kind of range: strings, which are sequences of characters.
An example of range-based for loop using strings:
*/ range - based for loop [ H ][ e ][ l ][ l ][ o ][ ! ] */ #include <iostream> #include <string>* using namespace std ; int main () { string str { "Hello!" }; for ( char c : str ) { cout << "[" << c << "]" ; } cout << '\n' ; } Note how what precedes the colon (:) in the for loop is the declaration of a char variable (the elements in a string are of type char). We then use this variable,c, in the statement block to represent the value of each of the elements in the range.
This loop is automatic and does not require the explicit declaration of any counter variable.
Range based loops usually also make use of type deduction for the type of the elements with auto. Typically, the range-based loop above can also be written as:
for ( auto c : str ) cout << "[" << c << "]" ; Here, the type of c is automatically deduced as the type of the elements in str.
http://www.cs.uregina.ca/Links/class-info/110/loops/write-p1.html
5.8 Which Loop to Use?
Now we know there are 3 different looping techniques, but which one to use where?
There are no strict rules that says you need to use them for specific purpose. All of them are used to iterate you through the whole block of statements until the end condition is met and loop is terminated. But here are some rules that you can follow to make the program efficient
Use For loop when you know the number of iterations. E.g. iterate through an array of size N.
Use While loop when you do not know how many iterations it will take to satisfy the condition(make sure you give a valid terminating condition otherwise program will go into infinite loop and program stops with out of memory error)
Situations where you can use while loop are reading an input file into a variable, when you are taking input from user and when the increment value is not standard.
And when you want to execute the block of statements at least once without considering the satisfying condition then you can go with Do- while loop
5.9 Nested Loops
The body of a loop can contain any type of statement including another loop such as a While loop, a Do-while loop, or a For loop. A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.
The following program counts the number of characters on each line in a file. We know that the I/O manipulatorendl forces the next character sent to the output stream to begin a new line. How can we recognize a new line in the input stream? A new line begins following the symbol \n. We must be sure to use function get defined iniostream, not the extraction operator, to input each character.
/* Program LineCt counts the number of characters per line and the number of lines in a file. Assumption: There is a '\n' before the EOF. */ #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; int main() { int lineNo; char character; int number; ifstream inData; //declares input stream // bind the input stream name *inData* to the file "Input.txt" inData.open("Input.txt"); if (!inData) { cout << "Can't open the input file successfully." << endl; return 1; } lineNo = 0; //Use get function to read data from file "Input.txt" inData.get(character); //while the input stream is not in the fail state //e.g. while not EOF, go into the loop while (inData) { lineNo++; number = 0; //while not "end of line", go into the loop while (character != '\n') { number++; inData.get(character); } cout << "Line " << lineNo << " contains " << number << " characters." << endl; inData.get(character); } inData.close(); return 0; } http://www.cs.uregina.ca/Links/class-info/110/loops/index.html
5.10 Minimizing Numeric Errors
Using floating-point numbers in the loop-continuation condition may cause numeric errors.
• Numerical errors involving floating-point numbers are inevitable.
• This section provides an example showing you how to minimize such errors.
The following program sums a series that starts with 0.01 and ends with 1.0. The numbers in the series will increment by 0.01, as follows: 0.01 + 0.02 + 0.03 and so on.
LISTING 5.7 Sum.cpp
//Initialize sum #include <iostream> Using namespace std ; int main () { Float sum = 0 ; # Add 0.01, 0.02, \..., 0.99, 1 to sum float i = 0.01 ; while ( i <= 1.0 ) { sum += i ; i = i + 0.01 ; } //Display result cout << "The sum is" << sum ; } Output: The sum is 49.50000000000003
Here the Actual output should be 50.5, but when the iteration ends the value of i is slightly greater than 1 but not exactly one (1.01) so the loop terminates and gives a slight error in output. Basically, the floating points are represented by approximation. So, we should avoid floating points in iterating the loops.
5.11 Jump Statements (Keywords break and continue)
Jump statements allow altering the flow of a program by performing jumps to specific locations.
The break statement
break leaves a loop, even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled. It can be used to end an infinite loop, or to force it to end before its natural end. For example, let's stop the countdown before its natural end:
*/ break loop example 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , countdown aborted ! [ url ]( http : //www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/) #include <iostream> using namespace std ; int main () { for ( int n = 10 ; n > 0 ; n -- ) { cout << n << ", " ; if ( n == 3 ) { cout << "countdown aborted!" ; break ; } } } The continue statement
The continue statement causes the program to skip the rest of the loop in the current iteration, as if the end of the statement block had been reached, causing it to jump to the start of the following iteration. For example, let's skip number 5 in our countdown:
*/ continue loop example 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , liftoff ! [ url ]( http : //www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/) */ #include <iostream> using namespace std ; int main () { for ( int n = 10 ; n > 0 ; n -- ) { if ( n == 5 ) continue ; cout << n << ", " ; } cout << "liftoff! \n " ; } The goto statement
goto allows to make an absolute jump to another point in the program. This unconditional jump ignores nesting levels, and does not cause any automatic stack unwinding. Therefore, it is a feature to use with care, and preferably within the same block of statements, especially in the presence of local variables.
The destination point is identified by alabel, which is then used as an argument for the goto statement. Alabel is made of a valid identifier followed by a colon (:).
goto is generally deemed a low-level feature, with no particular use cases in modern higher-level programming paradigms generally used with C++. But, just as an example, here is a version of our countdown loop using goto:
// goto loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, liftoff! #include <iostream> using namespace std ; int main () { int n = 10 ; mylabel: cout << n << ", " ; n -- ; if ( n > 0 ) goto mylabel ; cout << "liftoff! \n " ; https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_break.asp (optional)
5.12 Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you have learned how to use loops, jump statements and where to use the loops with the error making possibilities and solutions for them.
christisonthaparme.blogspot.com
Source: http://urdatascience.ca/electric-book/book/text/chapter_05.html
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